“Impact of Television Violation on Children’s Socialization” Essay Example

â€Å"Impact of Television Violation on Children’s Socialization† Essay Children are to be considered as the hope of the tomorrow. They are the one who make our world beautiful and meaningful because of their innocence and simplicity. But are these facts still true nowadays? Or it will be just a â€Å"dream† for us now? Children’s characters, personalities and their totality as individual first develop and mold inside the home where parents are oblige and responsible to teach their children the good values and morals. But the irony for this issue is that, parents tend to forget their responsibilities as parents in supervising their kids, due to their hectic schedules and demands of their work, especially in watching television where children are expose to different kinds of indecent advertisements and commercials. Parents should allot time in spending quality moments and be on the side of their children in order for them to explain the advertisements and commercials which have an adult content.This paper intent to scrutinize the regulating of controversial television advertising and their content, but what is more important is doing this while upholding the first Amendment and; (2) impact of controversial television violation on children’s socialization.II. DiscussionTelevision is a very powerful tool to the learning of the children and it can educate them in many ways whether it is profitable or destructive to their morals and values. It contributes much most especially when parents let their children watch indecent television shows anytime of the day without their supervision. There are also shows on TV that create fear to the hearts of these children because they are able to internalize what they have seen. In a researched entitled â€Å"Television† and conducted by the University of Michigan Health System stated that â€Å"in a usual American household, there are about 7 hours spend by children in watching television everyday and there are about tens of thousands of commercials observed by the kids on TV which   the   public relations mark. And not only that, every year the range of 1,000 to 2,000 children watched TV ads for alcohol and the fears attributed by the television can create sleep problems. A survey showed that there was about 37 percent of the kids stated that they were terrified by a TV story and the symptoms for this included anxious feelings, withdrawing from friends, nightmares†¦(see â€Å"Television† University of Michigan Health System).There are also commercials that speak about sex. It is called sex in advertising. The use of sexual attraction as a tool of persuasion by drawing attention, interest to a particular product for the purpose of promotion and increase in sales had been a part of marketing and advertising industry for quite some time. The method generally uses attractive models, usually in a suggestive or provocative scene. The past two decades have witnessed an increasing use of explicit sexual appeal in consumer-oriented print ad vertising and particularly of women as the object of sexual desire that it has reached to the point of being common.The use of sex in advertising can range from being highly overt to extremely subtle; from explicit displays of sexual acts or nudity, down to the use of basic cosmetic products to enhance attractiveness. The more subtle forms of this spectrum have seeped into other types of media. One such example is the criteria in the selection of DJs and announcers, which is based on the â€Å"sexiness† of their voice.The use of sexual imagery in advertising has received a barrage of criticisms on various grounds. Moral and religious groups oppose it for being obscene.   Feminist groups raise the issue of women’s rights, that it reduces women as mere ‘objects’. Others believe that it only reinforces sexism.A. RegulationsWay back in 1924, the American Association of Advertising Agencies published a code of ethics, stating that the following practices were unethical: ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   False or misleading claims about the product, whether visual or verbal ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Testimonials which does not truly speak of the real choice of a witness ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price claims which is purposely done to mislead the public ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Statements which unfairly disparage a competing product or service ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Claims which are unproven/untested, or claims that puts statements out of context to distort the true meaning made by professional or scientific authorities ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Statements, pictures, or suggestions which are offensive to public decencyEach of these ethical codes is quite vague in nature which allows a wide range of interpretations. Consequently advertisers push the limits of what is actually acceptable to advertise about their services or wares. It is in the last code wherein sex is more or less add ressed as being potentially offensive to the public. The next deliberation is on the issue of what is NOT offensive to one person, may be horrible to another. It is subjective. The responsibility now lies on the advertiser to maintain a delicate balance (see K. Stirtz. â€Å"For Most of Us, Sex Does Not Sell†).A prevailing advertising belief through the last two decades is the power of sexual imagery and suggestions on consumers. Neil E. Harrison, of the Canadian Business and Current Affairs wrote that â€Å"advertisers recognize that ‘sex sells’ because it attracts attention†. It is not sexual images or suggestion that sells the product per se, but the technique of attention-getting that has always been the cornerstone of advertising whether consumers look with interest, or look in disgust. The point advertisers seek is for consumers to LOOK, and if the imagery pushes the borderline of what is shocking or offensive, the more it is retained in the consume r’s memory. However, an article â€Å"Playing the Game† wrote that sexual images are ineffective especially when it is ironically diametrically opposed to the product it tries to sell (T Ball, P Avers. â€Å"A Brief History of Sex in Advertising†).B. Its EffectivenessSex in marketing through the years has become raunchier and raunchier, with each advertisement trying to outdo the last. Since it has become a powerful force in the marketing industry, we see the market being saturated with signs of glamorous blond women and muscle-rippling playboys. However, recent studies indicate that such a tool is no longer the sure-way answer to every marketing officer’s prayer.Although most companies utilize sex as their largest promoter of their product(s), negative results may never be far behind. Sexual ads do not always appeal to all consumers and accept sex as an acceptable marketing tool. A study done by Susan Cummings for the American Demographics Magazine, quot ed that â€Å"75 percent of women and 53 percent of men aged 35 to 54 said that sex in advertising can be offensive† (Cited in â€Å"Sex Sells†¦No, Really!†).Other concerns being raised is how the youth react to this and how they perceive sex in advertising. There are many different opinions on how sexual appeal in advertising is defined. A slight difference had been found between young men and women. Sexual appeal for young women did not depend on how people looked in the advertisement. Focus is more on movement. It does not even have to include nudity, and models need not be exceptionally good looking for the ad to be even considered sexual. Young men also believe that the movement and the appearance of the models are of great importance. Both genders perceive an ad as sexual through words and images, even without images of nudity among the characters. Therefore, this study came to the following conclusions: that advertisement do not have to contain nudity to be perceived by young men and women as sexual in character; even movement and appearance of the models in the advertisement can make it sexual in nature; young men differ from their women counterparts in the sense that they believe that exceptional good looks among models require an ad campaign to be so. They also believe that there is too much sex in advertising, even observing that there are companies who make use of sexual appeal even if their product is discordant with the sexual image. These young men also see advertisements as discriminating to both men and women. This research also came to the same conclusion that buying behavior does not change, since nudity in advertisement has become so common.Young female respondents also believe that there is too much sex in advertising and these failed to elicit responses. Reaction of tension came only if the image is tasteless. However, for young women, attitude and buying behavior might change if an advertisement based on sexual appeal is too sexual. A favorable response comes only if the sexual appeal is done tastefully and the appeal has any connection towards the brand. Their self-image and confidence is affected when it showed attractive models. Corporations are then urged to make considerations in aiming advertising towards youth in using sexual appeals in their advertisement campaigns.This means that children are prone to adapt thwarted values and morals which will affect sooner to their development as individuals and contribute in the later part of their lives. Being TV addicts is more treacherous and hazardous than taking a drug because it disseminates violence, spoils people’s intellects, and ruins not only the individual but as well as our nation and culture.III. ConclusionsA. Effects on childrenWe cannot deny the fact that children are great imitators and that is one of their natures. They really follow and imitate what they have seen and observed from other people especially when they realize th at these people involve manifests excitement in doing such acts. Present television’s advertisements, commercials, shows and movies already content indecent acts such as violence, sensual actions or sex, drinking and taking drugs which have great impact to the minds of the younger generations. These kinds of entertainments will create curiosity and puzzlements to their young minds that will push them to try it by themselves. The advertisers really put an effort to convey their audiences-whether young or old-whom the actions perform on TV, those actions are worth emulating for and because of this, children are motivated to imitate it. The University of Michigan Health System further discussed that â€Å"TV shows usually speak about the use of alcohol. The existence of alcohol on TV resorts the gamut from prime-time programs†¦In addition, the researched informed us that those who are TV addicts are more similarly to smoke cigarettes and marijuana. However, parents are not open in discussing issues such as birth control, sexually transmitted disease and sex and even schools are lacking to give information about sex education programs and due to such reasons, children are able to acquire sex information through watching TV. In a survey disclosed the fact that there were about 76 percent of teenagers attested that one intuition why young people indulge in sex because TV movies and programs make such thing as common and ordinary for their age group (see â€Å"Television† University of Michigan Health System).

Erp E-Commerce Essay Example

Erp E Erp E-Commerce Essay Erp E-Commerce Essay E-commdrce and ERP 1 Introduction: Traditional companies must embrace the Internet to survive, but, at the same time, pure Internet companies benefit from the assets and infrastructure of their â€Å"bricksand-mortar† counterparts. The blending of Internet technologies and traditional business concerns is impacting all industries and is really the latest phase in the ongoing evolution of business. Today, the Internet is driving the current industry goals of a five-day OTD cycle, global reach and personalization. However, without connecting order delivery, manufacturing, financial, human resources, and other back office systems to the Internet, even companies with long track records of innovation are not likely to succeed. The most successful companies will be those that leverage their investment in Web based technologies by implementing e-business solutions supported by sound existing infrastructures based on well-functioning ERP systems. Today companies need to forge tighter links up and down the supply chain, from raw materials to customers. Of late, companies have increasingly turned to the Internet and Web-based technologies to accomplish this. But what they have found is that without Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software, sharing accurate information with their trading partners is impossible. Web-based technology puts life and breadth into ERP technology that is large, technologically cumbersome, and does not easily reveal its value. At the same time, ERP allows e-business to come into full flower, putting real substance behind that flashy web page. While ERP organizes information within the enterprise, e-business disseminates information far and wide. In short, ERP and e-business technologies supercharge each other. In light of the above, the objective of this paper is to: Present a framework for understanding e-business opportunities within the context of a traditional enterprise and its infrastructure. Examine the evolving relationship between E-Business and ERP, and to understand how companies are moving ahead to gain competitive advantage by using ERP to leverage and take advantage of the business opportunities opened up by the Internet and e-business. To examine and discuss the role of ERP today and in the context of new business models that are enabled by e-business and associated technologies 2 nd that represent the next step in organizational evolution – a step with potentially revolutionary impact. To understand the latest developments in this area – especially analyzing the new developments and product offerings of the major ERP software vendors and understand what the present ERP vendors should do to provide true value to users from their software offerings. To disc uss recent developments in the area of e-Supply Chain and Supply Chain integration and other technological developments. Understand the issues and challenges faced by organizations in moving to an ebusiness environment. This paper is broadly divided into the following sections: The evolving relationship between E-Business and ERP: Key developments Complementary Technologies of ERP and E-Business Software Provider Challenges Dominant Architecture in the ERP/E-Business Marriage Web Enabling ERP ERP and E-Commerce Portals Internet Procurement Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) E-Supply Chain and Supply Chain Integration Integrating the Supply Chain to reap the rewards: SCOR Model Moving to an e-business environment: Technology, Processes and People Other Technological Developments It is important to clearly define what we mean by ERP and what we mean by ebusiness. A formal definition for the same is provided here: ERP: ERP is a structured approach to optimizing a company’s internal value chain. The software, if fully installed across an entire enterprise, connects the components of the 3 enterprise through a logical transmission and sharing of common data with an integrated ERP1. ERP software, suites, or packages – provide companies with a set of integrated applications that manage the main business functions of an enterprise. The applications are linked via a common database that allows the various divisions of the company to share data. For example, customer information entered into an ERP system’s order entry application becomes instantly available to all business departments and applications connected to the system. Dozens of ERP software vendors compete for market share, the main among them being J. D. Edwards, Baan, Oracle, PeopleSoft, and SAP – a group of companies known as JBOPS. E-Business: Electronic business encompasses three stages: e-commerce, e-business, and e-partnering. The early stages of a company’s e-business activity are almost always focused on reaching the customer, the later stages on streamlining value-chain activities to deliver more value to the customer. E-commerce either leverages an Internet-based sales channel to enhance marketing and sell products or services, or leverages the Internet to make purchasing more efficient. E-commerce allows these purchases and sales transactions to occur with minimal disruption to organizational culture and business processes. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is one technology that has enabled B2B e-commerce for many years; however due to the technological developments and improvements like XML, today’s Web-based technologies can do away with the necessity for EDI. E-business improves business performance by using electronic information technologies and open standards to connect suppliers and customers at all steps along the value chain. E-partnering is an intense relationship between businesses that utilize ebusiness capabilities to create an environment for shared business improvements, mutual benefits, and joint rewards. E-partnering is a strategic, customer focused relationship in which companies work together to optimize an overall value chain. The evolving relationship between E-Business and ERP: Key developments: ERP is the latest in a number of manufacturing and financial information systems that have been devised since the late 1940s to streamline the information flow that Grant Norris, James R. Hurley, Kenneth M. Hartely, John R. Dunleavy and John D. Balls, â€Å"E-Business and ERP: Transforming the Enterprise†, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2000 1 4 parallels the physical flow of goods, from raw materials to finished products. The first steps in systematizing information flow around the manufacturing process were taken as early as the 1960s when material requirement planning software (MRP) became available. Later efforts were made to make these applications more robust and better able to generate information based on a more realistic set of assumptions. These efforts resulted in manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) software. Finally, in the 1990s, software developers created ERP software, a fuller â€Å"suite† of applications capable of linking all internal transactions. In the past couple of years, e-business has exploded on the scene, and today the Internet is positioned as the engine that will drive the future of business. While traditional production-management information systems (MRP, MRPII and ERP) have focused on the movement of information within an enterprise, Webbased technology facilitates the movement of information from business to business and from business to consumer, as well as from consumer to business and also from business to employees and from business to shareholders/partners. Figure 1 gives the principle connections required to conduct e-business. Business to consumer/ business Business to business Customers E-company Employees Suppliers Stakeholders Business to employee Business to shareholder/partner Figure 1: Principle Connections Required to Conduct E-business2 However, it is necessary to have an internal enterprise transaction engine, independent of the supplier-and customer-facing front ends, for any company large enough to be considered an enterprise. To date, the best of these internal transaction engines are driven by ERP software. The issue, then, is far more complex than the e2 Source: Ernst Young 5 business evangelists make it out to be. E-Business simply does not work without clean internal processes and data. Hence it is necessary for organizations to devote resources to both technologies that facilitate transaction processing and the communication capabilities of e-nabling technologies. Interactive relationships with Value-Chain Partners: Companies derive much competitive advantage today from their ability to relay information quickly through the value chain. The ability of each participant to retrieve information from a tightly integrated value chain and then to act on it results in greater value for customers. A company that combines ERP technology with Web-based technology looks something like Figure 2. E-Buy ERP E-Sell Figure 2: ERP and Web-based Technology Together Extend the Enterprise3 With the e-buy/ERP/e-sell enterprises extended across the value chain, companies can create tightly linked extended enterprises. Because information is more easily available using Web-based technology to connect both suppliers and customers, the opportunity exists for an enterprise to create new business strategies based on transforming a value chain into an integrated value network. ERP boosts E-Business Potential: Communicating with partners in the supply chain and with customers in the demand chain is not enough. In today’s business world, coordination is key. Business is working toward frictionless information flows, with information flowing to more places more easily. Web-based technology affords the enterprise the ability to get more information to more places more easily. ERP technology affords an enterprise, its business partners in the supply chain, and its Grant Norris, James R. Hurley, Kenneth M. Hartely, John R. Dunleavy and John D. Balls, â€Å"E-Business and ERP: Transforming the Enterprise†, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2000 3 6 customers in the demand chain the ability to coordinate the information they have and to determine how they present it to others. Complementary Technologies of ERP and E-Business: ERP and Internet technologies are rapidly coming together. ERP is the internal technological hub of a single enterprise. Web-based technology extends each enterprise’s internal information infrastructure into the external environment. While ERP technology supports current business strategy, e-business opens the door to new strategic opportunities. Today’s ERP systems, when fully installed as integrated suites, can be thought of as central repositories of internal corporate information. ERP software helps organizations to effectively and efficiently manage all their internal information resources to meet overall goals. On the other hand, Web-based technology provides connections via the Internet to a host of external parties. Figure 3 depicts how ERP and Internet/ Web-based technologies can come together and complement each other. Shareholders Customers Researchers Developers Financials Logistics ERP Suppliers Sales Mktg. Knowledge Management Manufacturing Outsourcing Service Providers Human Resources Advisors Internet Business Partners Distributors Figure 3: Complementary Technologies of ERP and E-Business 7 It should be noted that knowledge management is not associated with any one technology. Rather, it is depicted as a process that requires an organization to tap the data in all information channels and consolidate that information so that it is meaningful to the business. Software Provider Challenges4: ERP software providers face a number of challenges when reinventing themselves for e-business. Because ERP applications manage internal business transactions, they generate these assumptions about how business processes are managed: They are controlled by one organization Transactional information should be combined into large totals. Only certain people participate in specific processes. The fundamental design of traditional ERP systems thus inherently conflicts with the outwardly focused, interactive, event-driven model of e-business. E-business operates under these assumptions: Control of business processes can be shared or dispersed among many organizations People need access to small quantities of some transactional data in real time. Many people participate in a variety of processes. ERP software providers must overcome this core conflict in one of three ways: 1) They must redesign the interfaces, processes, and underlying architecture of their systems to operate in a three-tier, thin-client environment tailored for a variety of users who require flexibility. 2) ERP software suppliers must learn to use a new set of Web-based technologies and incorporate Web-based features into their software offerings. 3) They must make their transactional systems more compatible with front-office applications – a difficult task because core ERP software operates differently from ERP extensions. ERP systems providers must reconcile and integrate their 4 Erin Callaway, â€Å"ERP – The Next Generation†, Computer Technology Research Corp. 8 isparate data models and execution engines, which may require separating the ERP extensions from the central ERP database. Appendix 1 provides a summary and evaluation of the various offerings of the major ERP vendors. Domina nt Architecture in the ERP/E-Business Marriage: As ERP and e-business technologies compete for dominance in the future, companies constructing their systems architectures can choose between two main options: a more fully integrated ERP system that adds robust customer relationship management (CRM) and supply-chain management (SCM) modules, as well as Web-based interfaces with outside entities; or a best-in-breed portfolio-assembly model. A multi-vendor system gives a company the opportunity to purchase the best in class of each functional module. However, implementing this solution may mean increased costs and a need for greater resources. A single-vendor, packaged solution may ease the implementation but may also sacrifice functionally and features available in any particular area. Many vendors of ERP and e-business solutions are using Internet portals to combine both options. Through a single portal, a user can enter a universe of integrated solutions to myriad problems. The concept of portals is discussed in detail, in the section on portals – appearing later in this report. Web Enabling ERP: ERP software providers often begin Web enabling their products by making them accessible via a Web browser. Web enabling an application is significantly different from reengineering it to leverage Internet technology. However. ERP software vendors must go beyond Web enabling their products. This is discussed in detail further. Modern ERP systems were constructed to operate in a Client-Server computing environment, where the application is distributed between a server that 9 manages the application, business, and database and a fat client, which is the client PC that performs the application processing to interact with data in the database. The advent of Web browser enabled users to access the ERP system remotely without requiring the fat client-side application. ERP software providers supply this remote access through their own technologies or through multi-user application server software such as Citrix WinFrame, which allows users to run Windows applications from any client with any type of connectivity – a modem, Internet, intranet, or wide area network (WAN) connection, for example – on any hardware platform. Such an arrangement of the Client-Sever Architecture of Web-enabled ERP software is shown in Figure 4. Data Flow Database Business logic Application logic Web client Extraction tool removes interface from ERP system Server Figure 4: Client-Sever Architecture of Web-enabled ERP software To compete with next-generation, Web-based software, ERP providers must add more than a Web browser interface to their packages. They must rebuild the extended products that the Internet makes possible. They need to provide: Quick, simple reconfiguration of business processes Intuitive interfaces that require no training 10 Real-time or near real-time data access Interactive and collaborative features such as real-time chat and white boarding, which is the ability to electronically sketch out ideas or pictures for real-time interaction Real-time analysis Open access to any internal or external user N-tier Architecture: Adding a browser interface to an ERP system does not enable any extended functions because the Client-Sever architecture of the product is not changed. Vendors must rebuild their software to provide next-generation e-business capabilities. Using a multi-tiered architecture – often referred to as an n-tier architecture – distributes the applications across a thin front end, a Web server, an application server, and a database. Such an arrangement is shown in Figure 5. Client accesses middle layer Database Thin client Web server Figure 5: N-tier Architecture Application Server SAP’s Business Framework Architecture exemplifies such an n-tier extended ERP system. 11 Following are some of the main benefits of an n-tiered architecture: The application can be designed to access only certain pieces of data from the ERP system, enabling safe operation by a range of external users. The application’s performance, availability, and response time improve because users do not directly access the ERP system. Developers can redesign the application interface to present data and functions in a simple, more logical manner. The application is more scalable and reliable because of techniques that can be used in the Web application server, such as process clustering, load balancing, and high-availability failover. Some of the user benefits include: faster implementation, faster response to process and organizational change, flexible software use, improved system maintenance, simpler integration with other software, tighter integration with supply chain partners, faster introduction of new applications, improved scalability and less exposure to technol ogical change. N-tiered based ERP systems are suited for best e-business, allowing companies that have already purchased ERP systems to leverage their investment. In the following sections of this report, we now go on to look at the recent developments in this field of ERP systems, as they apply to e-business. ERP and E-commerce: Software vendors including ERP vendors are trying to position themselves as ebusiness companies by providing e-commerce software. These software providers and 12 ERP vendors are moving to capitalize on the growing e-commerce frenzy by facilitating their customers’ needs to buy and sell online. E-commerce software and back-end systems, including ERP software, must be integrated for companies to manage the fulfillment process seamlessly. Back-end integration helps companies track the transactions they conduct on the Web. Companies can then coordinate the data they collect from online transactions with information they gather from other channels, such as telephone, traditional retail stores, and in-person interactions. Integrating e-commerce sites with back-office systems allows companies to present an organized, professional image to their trading partners and customers. Tight integration enables the company to recognize online customers because their histories, including data gathered from other channels, reside in one location – thus enabling the company to provide superior and improved customer service. Providing this continuity is critical for e-business success. Without it, customers loose their sense of security and trust when conducting business on a Web site; they cannot be sure the company is effectively managing its information. ERP Software Vendor offerings: As of today, there are a number of ERP systems vendors who are providing e-commerce applications too. The e-commerce application demand is too high and the core ERP application market is too slow for ERP suppliers not to integrate e-commerce applications into their packages. E-commerce products vary between ERP vendors. Some vendors are developing their own applications, while others are partnering with third party ecommerce software providers. Most ERP software providers currently focus on six types of e-commerce applications: B2B selling, B2C storefronts, Commerce engines, Selfservice applications, Internet based procurement and Portals. ERP applications for B2B selling allow business partners to check order status, pay bills, and initiate orders to replenish inventory. B2C storefront applications enable 13 companies to create retail-like Web sites with features such as catalogs and shopping carts. Commerce engines (also known as e-commerce servers) separate ctivity that occurs on a Web site from the back-end systems. This critical process protects internal systems from security breaches and usage spikes that can interrupt important transactions. Self-service applications allow users to access information or transactions that would typically require additional assistance – like obtaining pu rchase orders, checking inventory levels, checking order status, etc. Out of these, Internet based procurement and Portals are by far the most important and promising and hence are discussed in detail in the later sections of this report. Appendix 2 provides a detailed list about the e-commerce product offerings from leading ERP software vendors. ERP software vendors need to overcome a number of obstacles, before they can prove to be experts in this field. Some of these obstacles include: ERP systems take a specific approach to business planning that does not necessarily apply to e-commerce. ERP systems are fundamentally transaction-oriented systems designed to process numbers and automate internal business processes. E-commerce is an externally driven model. Implemented ERP systems are typically rigid and difficult to change. Ecommerce requires total flexibility. ERP software was designed in the Client-Server era. E-commerce must be Internet based. ERP software providers are burdened with market perceptions that they are and will remain back-office vendors. 14 ERP system providers are latecomers to the e-commerce arena. Many new, next-generation competitors already have far more e-commerce expertise. The functionality and sophistication of e-commerce products currently being released by ERP software providers are often two or more versions behind existing products. Some ERP software providers will succeed with their e-commerce initiatives. Some ERP players will fail at the challenging transition from back to front-office software supplier. The strategies and products itself being offered by these ERP vendors will change rapidly during the coming few years. Hence buyers need to carefully examine their options before selecting an e-commerce software provider. Portals: A portal is a Web site that houses a collection of information related to a specific theme or topic and provides visitors with access to related services and information sources. Portals also typically include the ability to conduct transactions5. Figure 6 describes how Portals provide web access to collections of information. Vertical hub Web portal Internet Legacy applications Marketplaces Business partner applications ERP Figure 6: Portals Provide Web access to collections of information 5 Erin Callaway, â€Å"ERP – The Next Generation†, Computer Technology Research Corp. 15 Portals and Business: Today many business portals are being designed and launched for business applications. Today, ERP software providers are designing their portals primarily for business users. Many companies are becoming interested in businessoriented portals because of their potential benefits, which range from simplifying information access to streamlining business processes to sharing information across otherwise functionally and geographically disparate parts of the company. 6 Marketplace Portals: Many ERP providers have created portals where their customers can access extensive lists of goods and service suppliers. The ERP software supplier aggregates – either directly or through partners – a large collection of companies that sell products and services and enables their customers to buy from them. Large ERP vendors, including SAP and Oracle, are strong proponents of this approach. They believe that their extensive customer bases will attract a significant number of sellers to the market. mySAP. com is the SAP marketplace portal. The mySAP. om marketplace which supports online catalogs, auctions, and spot-buying, is divided into 22 interest communities à ¢â‚¬â€œ including Automotive, Banking, Business Technology, Chemicals, Complex Manufacturing, Engineering and Construction, Forest Products, Health Care, High Technology, Human Resources, Insurance, Metals, Oil and Gas, Pharmaceuticals, Public Sector, Retail, Service Providers, Telecommunications, Training and Utilities. mySAP. com also enables companies to participate in collaborative transactions with their trading partners. The corresponding Oracle Marketplace Portal is Oracle Exchange. The Corporate/ Desktop Portal: Portals can also be used to give employees easy access to the typically disparate and disconnected business systems they need to complete their jobs. Via desktop or enterprise portals, which are also referred to as David Essex, â€Å"Get into Web Portals†, Computerworld (15th March 1999) [Online]. Available: informationweek. com 6 16 corporate portals, employees can access both internal and external software and systems. Desktop portals are Web-based interfaces that give users access to all the disparate applications through one screen on their PC. Many ERP providers are designing enterprise portals. For example, mySAP. com includes a desktop portal component called mySAP. com Workplaces. This desktop portal provides SAP R/3 users with a single Web-based point of entry to job-related software and information, including mySAP. om Marketplace, applications in SAP R/3, and applications on other systems. The Vertical Hub: Vertical hub portals target specific groups of companies in the same industry. Unlike marketplace portals, which offer more generic commerce services, vertical hubs such as PlasticsNet. com, ChemNet, and Vert icalNet. com provide services, transactions, and other content tailored to the needs of a specific industry. Few ERP providers currently provide industry-specific portals, but some like SAP have announced intentions to do so. Portals and ERP: Why are ERP software providers developing portals? It is mainly because â€Å"They want to control the desktop. If customers can be convinced to use ERP systems as the main entry point into all other applications and information sources, ERP vendors will achieve that goal. The Business Case for Portals: Enterprise portals facilitate accessing a variety of internal and external applications and information sources. In a traditional client-server environment, users must sign onto the system many times to access different applications. An entire application may need to be loaded onto their computers, even though they may use only a small portion of that software. Employees are limited to applications that run in a client-server or windows computi ng environment and in addition to that, they can use only applications and databases that exist within he physical location of their company. Maintaining desktop environments is also expensive and cumbersome because individual applications must be installed on each machine. 17 Enterprise portals, on the other hand, allow users to access both internal and external applications and information sources simultaneously via a single, customized, browser-based interface to meet their specific needs. Enterprise portals are easier to maintain because they deliver applications to multiple users via a centrally located server, accessing only those specific components of particular applications related to their jobs. Linking Portals to ERP Systems: Companies require an Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) tool or framework to connect the disparate systems they want to access via their portals. EAI tools are necessary as long as companies create portals that access both ERP software and external systems, even if they use portals offered by their ERP software provider. Figure 7 illustrates this. Also data integration capabilities will be required to gather data from structured and unstructured data sources. Legacy Systems ERP External Systems Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) layer Web portal Figure 7: Using Integration Software (EAI) to link Portals to ERP. 18 Internet Procurement: In addition to e-commerce and portals, ERP software providers are expanding into the areas of Internet-based procurement. Traditional ERP software includes purchasing functions that allow users to create P. O. s and requisitions, receive invoices, and log spending, for example. Because of their design, however, traditional ERP systems made a single administrator or set of administrators responsible for the entire purchasing function, requiring every employee with purchasing requests to funnel through that channel. Next-generation ERP systems manage purchasing differently. By using Internet technology and leveraging the component-based architectures of newer software, many ERP package vendors are opening the purchasing function, making it easier for employees to participate in the purchasing process. This is illustrated in figure 8. Employee searches online catalog Employee submits online requisition The Web Employee Requisition is automatically routed and approved Goods are sent directly to buyer Purchase order is sent automatically Figure 8: Internet and Component Technology Opens the Purchasing process 19 Internet-based procurement enables companies to reduce spending by efficiently managing their purchasing habits, leveraging their total spending power, and lowering the number of suppliers in the chain. Potential savings are tremendous – often in tens of thousands of dollars. Internet-based procurement systems give the purchaser control over the shopping by providing access to online catalogs, which may be buyer managed, seller managed or third party managed. ERP software providers may use one or a combination of these catalog management tools. In an Internet-based procurement system, once a requisition is approved, Internet procurement systems automatically generates the P. O. and the P. O. is sent to the supplier, whose address and account information reside in the ERP system. Sophisticated systems also enable the buyer to receive goods at his/her desk rather than at a general receiving bay, allowing the buyer to record the delivery in the procurement system. The entire process occurs without involving an administrator. Some Internet procurement systems, such as Oracle Strategic Procurement, combine data and analysis about supplier performance, including their history of quality and ontime delivery, in the routing and approval process to facilitate informed decisions. ERP software suppliers that offer or plan to offer Internet procurement applications include American Software, Baan, Epicor Software, Great Plains Software, IFS Industrial and Financial Systems, JBA International, J. D. Edwards, Lawson Software, Made2Manage systems, Navison Software, Oracle, PeopleSoft, and SAP. Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS): APS applications are decision-support systems designed to develop an optimization plan for a production line, plant, or overall supply chain. They receive 20 process data from other databases and transaction-based applications such as ERP systems. APS system functionality ranges from strategic (network optimization) and tactical (supply planning) to operational (line scheduling). Most APS systems use mathematical algorithms (such as linear programming) to identify optimal solutions to complex planning problems that are bound by such constraints as materials, labor or capacity resources. APS systems are particularly well suited to solving the challenges associated with supply-chain management for three reasons: 1. They focus on critical constraints such as machine capacity 2. They provide modeling to run different scenarios and â€Å"what-if† analyses. 3. They highlight exceptions and recommend a course of action. Why are APS Systems needed? : The combination of globalization, shorter product life cycles, and greater product variation makes it more important than ever that companies maximize the effectiveness of their supply chains. While ERP systems have within them the ability to integrate the information flows within supply-chain activities, ERP planning logic is based on the logic of manufacturing resource planning (MRP II). APS software provides a better way of managing supply-chain activity information flows. ERP software developed based on MRP and MRP II systems have a number of drawbacks – some of them being that they are based on a set of faulty assumptions: that all customers, products, and materials are equally important; that lead times are fixed; that all resources are infinite; and that all elements of the supply chain will deliver the required quantity on the required date. Simply put, these systems did not deal with the reality of the production environment. Also these systems are conducted as a batch process, typically taking hours to run. What does APS provide? : APS tools help to do away with most of these drawbacks. 21 While the purpose of APS systems is similar to that of any other planning software – to deliver 100 percent service to customers while minimizing costs to the company – they distinguish themselves from ERP planning software in that they allow managers to manipulate the supply chain in real time. The software provides value in three main areas: 1. Constraint-based planning 2. Real-time processing 3. Integration APS tools are provided by specialty software companies like Manugustics, i2 Technologies, Chesapeake, and Red Pepper (purchased in 1999 by PeopleSoft). Companies using APS software have reduced inventory between 20 and 70 percent, lowered cost by up to 12 percent, and trimmed capital by up to 15 percent and have also increased sales substantially due to increased customer service. ERP and APS: Now that companies’ information technology organizations are finished with the Y2K and European monetary union work, optimizing the supply chain will become the next area to explore to gain competitive advantage. The ERP companies are aware of this, and they are aware that to date APS providers have far better solutions than theirs. It is believed that some of these ERP vendors will from alliances with APS software providers, such as the alliance between Oracle and Manugustics. Others may go ahead and purchase APS providers and integrate the APS software into their portfolio of ERP modules. Earlier in the section on â€Å"Interactive relationships with Value-Chain Partners† we saw how information is more easily available using Web-based technology to connect both suppliers and customers, and how this creates the opportunity for an enterprise to create new business strategies based on transforming a value chain into an integrated value network. This concept is discussed in detail in the following sections. 22 E-Supply Chain and Supply Chain Integration: Today, many companies are missing out on significant cost savings and revenue opportunities by focusing only on the customer-facing applications of e-business rather than the improvements that an integrated electronic supply chain (e-supply chain) can bring to day-to-day enterprise wide operations. The backend integration of customer applications, so critical to the overall success of the application, is too often overlooked. Regardless of whether a company produces and delivers a physical product or service, it has a value chain. Broadly, a company’s value chain consists of product planning, procurement, manufacturing, order fulfillment, and service and support. What is common to all industries is the power of Web-based technologies to significantly change the status quo by providing a mechanism that further integrates the value chain. A highly integrated value chain creates greater value for the end customer by delivering products and services more efficiently and effectively. Within the industry value chain, the group of companies that carry out each step in creating and delivering the product is called the supply chain. E-Supply Chain: Electronic supply chain management (e-SCM) is the collaborative use of technology to enhance business-to-business processes and improve speed, agility, real-time control and customer satisfaction. Not about technology alone, e-SCM is about cultural change and changes in management policies, performance metrics, business processes, and organizational structures across the supply chain. Information visibility across the supply chain can become a substitute for inventory; therefore, information must be managed as inventory is managed today – with strict policies, discipline, and daily monitoring. Integrating the supply chain more tightly, both within a company and across an extended enterprise made up of suppliers, trading partners, logistics providers, and the distribution channel, is the vision implied in the snapshot of the e-business panorama, value chain integration. Figure 9 illustrates the flow of information to and from customers and suppliers, with the enterprise as the hub. 23 Suppliers Production Materials Manufacturing Process Enterprise OrderFulfillment Process Delivered Orders Customers Forecast Requirements Planning Processes Customer Forecast Returns Repairs Purchase Requirements Procurement Process Order Capture Process Customer Orders Design Requirements Support Process Design Requirements Settlements Settlements Figure 9: Enterprise Process Flow At the core of value-chain integration is visibility, access, and timeliness. Essentially, value-chain integration allows real-time synchronization of supply and demand. The enabler to support an organization in its efforts to become part of an extended enterprise, e-SCM requires companies to develop collaborative business systems and processes that can span across multiple enterprise boundaries. The e-supply chain consists of six components: Supply-chain replenishmentwhich encompasses the integrated production and distribution processes that utilize real-time demand and strategic partner alignment to improve customer responsiveness. Collaborative Planning – which requires buyers and sellers to develop a single shared forecast of demand and plan of supply to support this demand, and to update it regularly; Collaborative Product Development- which involves the use of product-design and product-development techniques across multiple companies, u sing e-business; E-Logistics – which is the use of Web-based technologies to support the warehouse and transportation management processes; 24 Internet Procurement and Web Portals – which have been discussed in detail in earlier sections of this report. So the next question is: How exactly would an e-Supply Chain work? A model of such a concept of E-Supply Chain is given in Figure 10. Company â€Å"A† Intranet/ ERP System Secured Link Shared Data Extranet Company â€Å"B† Intranet/ ERP System INTERNET PUBLIC ACCESS INTERNET Figure 10 – Model of an E-Supply Chain Here is how the E-Supply Chain would ideally operate. Consider that company B is a major retailer having a retail chain network across the country and company A is one of its major suppliers. When a consumer purchase occurs at company B, the data is fed to the retail chain’s ERP system. The retail chain (company B) then moves the updated demand data to the Extranet. At this time the critical data is automatically fed into the company A’s ERP system. This system runs and makes the appropriate quantity and schedule adjustments. The key output is copied to the extranet set up between company A and its suppliers. This data might include updated Inventory snapshots as well as updated forecasted demand and orders for materials. Based on the data company A’s suppliers see on the extranet, they automatically replenish company A’s Inventory and adjust their own ERP gross requirements to meet demands. The end result is the realtime update of demands from the consumer to the raw material supplier. Thus the E- 25 Supply Chain creates a seamless environment that stretches from customers right through to suppliers. Hence with the E-Supply Chain, organizations will be able to manage the supply chain to achieve the right balance of customer responsiveness and low inventory levels with an aggressive cycle time. As can be seen, there is tremendous scope and a great opportunity for ERP in the operation of an e-Supply Chain. In fact this is where companies and major ERP vendors are moving and this is where the true value of ERP lies. Trading partners who have invested in ERP are particularly well suited to leverage e-business investments to achieve true value-chain integration. Integrating the Supply Chain to reap the rewards: SCOR Model: No discussion on e-Supply Chain will be complete without the discussion of the SCOR Model. The Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) Model was developed and endorsed by the Supply Chain Council (SCC). The SCOR Model includes7: All customer interactions, from order entry through the paid invoice. All physical material transactions, from the supplier’s supplier to the customer’s customer, including equipment, supplies, spare parts, bulk product, software, etc. All market interactions, from the understanding of aggregate demand to the fulfillment of each order. The four distinct processes for the SCOR model are source, make, deliver, and plan. The supply chain configuration is driven by: â€Å"Deliver† channels, inventory deployment, and products. â€Å"Make† production sites and methods â€Å"Source† locations and products â€Å"Plan† levels of aggregation and information sources. Carol A. Ptak and Eli Schragenheim, â€Å"ERP – Tools, Techniques and Applications for Integrating the Supply Chain. †, St. Lucie Press/ APICS. 7 26 The real results from supply chain management come from the integration of processes throughout the entire supply chain from the supplier’s supplier to the customer’s customer – as has been illustrated by Figure 11. Figure 11: Integration of processes throughout the entire supply chain8 The big return on ERP investment and the future revenue and profit growth come from integrating the enterprise to its entire supply chain. Technology will continue to develop that will enhance and speed the information linkages. Some companies have decided that they wish to implement only a supply chain software system and not implement the supporting ERP management processes. This is like building a house on quick sand. Without adequate control of the internal processes, an integrated supply chain is truly only as strong as its weakest link. The integration of the supply chain is an area where the speed and accessibility of technology will make a large impact. This technology can include EDI, E-commerce, Internet, or a variety of other possibilities. However, without the accurate data feeding this technology and robust business processes supporting the strategy, the risk is that the same bad information will be the result. A complete system includes both planning and execution management. This is the point where ERP can be so effective as a tool. The fact remains, plans will change but to fail to plan is planning to fail. The planning side of the integrated system uses soft data. Changes and variability are expected events. The more quickly an enterprise can 8 Supply Chain Council Inc. [Online]. Available: supply-chain. org/ 27 react; the less cost is incurred by the operation. This is where a robust and reliable ERP system could be of immense value. Moving to an e-business environment: Technology, Processes and People: Moving to an e-business environment involves a major organizational change. Like those major business initiatives, e-business forces change to occur to three corporate domains – technology, processes, and people – at both a strategic and an operational level. Figure 12 illustrates where within these domains and levels all of the various issues fall when a company engages in a comprehensive e-business effort. Impact on Business Technology Enterprise Architecture Supplier Partnership Role of the Integrator Process Ownership Design Enterprise-wide (End to End) People Change Management Strategic Loose/ Tight Controls Outsourcing Executive Sponsorship and Support Aligning on Conditions of satisfaction Overarching Objectives Recruitment Retention Alignment Operational Knowledge Transfer Budgets Product Selection Product Support Implementation/ Installations Budgets Security and Data Integrity Change Control Implementation/ Support Fluidity Budgets Level of Difficulty/ Time to Resolve Figure 12: ERP/ E-Business Organizational Issues – Domain and Level Matrix9 Strategic Issues: Technology: Strategic technological issues are, for the most part, similar to the issues that face any company implementing ERP. An optimal system architecture for a Grant Norris, James R. Hurley, Kenneth M. Hartely, John R. Dunleavy and John D. Balls, â€Å"E-Business and ERP: Transforming the Enterprise†, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2000 9 28 particular enterprise is the first order of the day. Technology should not be allowed to drive the enterprise: rather, technology should fit the enterprise by meeting certain â€Å"conditions of satisfaction† with regard to scalability, flexibility and cost. A winning technology strategy requires a strong and enduring partnership with key hardware and software suppliers. The integrator’s role extends beyond managing technology to managing process and people issues as well. Process: Engaging effectively in e-business may require engineering new processes or reengineering old ones. Each process must have an enterprise-wide owner, accountable for the process’s performance, the budget to execute the process, and the quality of all process deliverables. A well-established and understood process to quickly resolve conflicts is also necessary. People: People can and often do effectively block the success of major technology integration efforts. People barriers remain unchanged – and in some instances are heightened – by the Internet. The ability to manage change is a litmus test for any form of business success. And as in any change and implementation process, executive sponsorship is the key. Operational Issues: Operational Issues revolve around getting e-business initiatives up and running in a timely fashion, adhering to budgets, and maintaining downfield vision. Technology: In this area, one needs to manage a number of operational concerns including: Product selection, defining product support requirements, defining performance expectations, coordinating the implementation schedule, ensuring good budget planning and ensuring security and data integrity. Process: At the operational level, process concerns include meeting the objectives and timeliness determined at the strategic level for engineering or reengineering the feeder processes that build up to create the end-to-end processes. People: At the operational level, the typical problems faced by managers include: organizational scope, change complexity, political resistance, cultural change and change capability. Other Technological Developments: One Key area of improvement in the existing technologies is the use of XML. XML is a subset of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) that has been optimized for web delivery. A vendor-neutral, industry standard, XML was defined by the 29 World Wide Web consortium to ensure that structured data will be uniform and independent of applications. With the explosive growth of internet protocol (IP) networks and other types of connectivity for virtually every kind of business communications, extensible markup language (XML) is gaining an increasing share of the technological spotlight as a powerful tool that is facilitating this profound paradigm shift. XML is the universal language for web data, enabling developers the power to deliver to the desktop, structured data from a wide and ever-increasing range of applications for local computation and presentation. It also serves as an ideal format for server-to-server transfer of structured data. Because XML provides a uniform method for describing and exchanging structured data, it promises to fully leverage the wealth of information resident on networks around the world. XML’s ability – the description of structured data in an open text based format delivered using the standard HTTP protocol or various other transports simplifies the exchange and application of data across the web, in particular and between loosely coupled applications in general. Conclusion: To date, e-business is still an integrated modular architecture. ERP vendors are all banking on portals to one extent or another. They see this strategy, as well as that of offering alternative models of providing ERP – through outsourcing or ASP relationships – as an opportunity to continue gaining either installed base or renters, and to continue their growth. If companies want to connect with each other, to pass robust information back and forth and make their extra-enterprise relationships more efficient and effective, they will need to settle on a language, grammar and syntax for data. Those ERP software providers that develop the most open systems, which make it easier for companies to work together, will be the winners. E-business requires tight collaboration among trading partners, but most ERP systems are not yet technically prepared to facilitate this. Today, ERP vendors are at different stages in transforming themselves for the Web-enabled world. No single application will provide or create competitive advantage. Currently, an integration of vendor-supplied ERP, decision support tools, middleware, customer development, and Web sites among trading partner communities are all required to achieve the promised benefits of e-business. 30 On the technology front, there is increasing use of XML technology to build true business networks and to bridge the gaps that users encounter when using the technology to link business partners over the Internet. However, the bottom line is that, companies best positioned to succeed at ebusiness are those that have solid business infrastructures utilizing ERP-based software and capabilities. 31 References 1. Grant Norris, James R. Hurley, Kenneth M. Hartely, John R. Dunleavy and John D. Balls, â€Å"E-Business and ERP: Transforming the Enterprise†, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2000 2. 3. Ernst Young [Online]. Available: ey. com Erin Callaway, â€Å"ERP – The Next Generation†, Computer Technology Research Corp. 4. David Essex, â€Å"Get into Web Portals†, Computerworld (15th March 1999) [Online]. Available: informationweek. com 5. Carol A. Ptak and Eli Schragenheim, â€Å"ERP – Tools, Techniques and Applications for Integrating the Supply Chain. †, St. Lucie Press/ APICS. 6. Supply Chain Council Inc. [Online]. Available: supply-chain. org 32 Appendix 1 Key product offerings of the major ERP vendors: Vendor Baan Core ERP Product BaanERP Platforms Unix Key Vertical Markets Manufacturer of aerospace and defense equipment, automotive supplies, consumer packaged goods, electronics, engineering and construction goods, forestry products, heavy equipment, primary metals, semiconductor s, and specialty chemicals Wholesalers Architectural and engineering firms Construction companies Distributors Education General business Government Manufacturers Extended Applications Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) Sales Force Automation (SFA) Customer Relationshi p Manageme nt (CRM) Ecommerce Procureme nt Selfservice10 Portal is planned APS Ecommerce Portal Procureme nt Selfservice J. D. Edwards One Worl d Worl d AS/400 Window s NT Unix 10 Self-service applications allow users to access information or transactions that would typically require additional assistance – like obtaining purchase orders, checking inventory levels, checking order status, etc. 33 Oracle Oracle Applications Window s NT Unix PeopleSo ft PeopleSoft AS/400 Window s NT Unix f automotive supplies, chemicals, consumer packaged goods, electronics, industrial and fabricated equipment, and pharmaceutica ls Mining operations Not-for-profit organizations Real estate agencies Utilities and energy providers After-market service providers Communicatio ns companies Educational institutions Energy providers Financial service s firms Government Health care providers Manufacturers of consumer packaged goods, industrial equipment, and pharmaceutica ls Retailers Communicatio ns companies Federal government APS Business Intelligence (BI) CRM Ecommerce Procureme nt Selfservice Portals SFA APS BI CRM E- 34 SAP R/3 AS/400 Window s NT Unix Financial service firms Health care providers Higher education institutions Manufacturers of consumer packaged goods and high-tech electronics Public sector operations Retailers Service providers Transportation companies Utility providers Banks Engineering and construction firms Health care providers Insurance companies Manufacturers of aerospace and defense equipment, automotive supplies, chemicals, consumer packaged goods, hightech equipment, oil and gas, and pharmaceutica ls Media companies Mills Public sector commerce Procureme nt Selfservice SFA Portal is planned APS BI CRM Ecommerce Portal Procureme nt Selfservice SFA 35 rganizations Real estate firms Retailers Service providers Telecom companies Transportation companies Utility providers Appendix 2 E-commerce product offerings from leading ERP software vendors11 Company/ Software Vendor American Software Baan Cincom Systems Epicor Software Fourth Shift Great Plains Intuitive Systems JBA J. D. Edwards Lawson S oftware Macola Made2Manage Navision Oracle PeopleSoft PivoPoint PowerCerv QAD 11 B2C Storefront X X Commerce Engine X X Self-service applications X X X X X X X B2B selling X X X X X X X X X Internet based Procurement X X Portal X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy - Essay Example The defense mechanisms have been constructed by the Freudian psychoanalytical approach. They were developed to aid in the explanation of person’s responses to anxiety (Myers, 2001). They have been evolved from their original background to help enlighten being’s coping styles. Individuals are not aware of the operations taking in the mind; therefore they are unconscious. Each individual uses a different set of defense mechanism so they are also individualized. Lastly, every individual makes use of them so they are thought to be normal. But if the use of the defense mechanisms becomes exaggerated than clinical interest arises. The defense mechanism of sublimation is utilized when intentions are either violent or sexual showing the psychoanalytic aspects of thanatos and libido. They are transmitted towards non-instinctual course. For example, aggressive temperament may be transmitted towards a more acceptable structure of games. Regression takes place when an earlier developmental stage reappears for the coping behaviors (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). For example, throwing a tantrum or crying may be used to deal with a tense experience. These behaviors are usually unacceptable for adults. Repression is focal point psychoanalytical approach. It is used when there is a very high anxiety deep in the unconscious and which does not affect the activities in the conscious. Items which are repressed may however, become apparent themselves in slips of the tongue or dreams. They are mostly not present for recall. Instead, it may appear later, unexpectedly (Barlow & Durand, 2002). For example, there was a time when I tried to recall the Independence days I had ten years ago but failed to do so. But, a few weeks later, they suddenly hit me while taking a shower. The thought had been repressed because I had been into a major family dispute. The defense mechanism reaction formation is unconsciously